Yaha hum bahut hi simple language aur real examples ke saath samjhenge ki IPO kya hota hai aur founders/Compani IPO kyu late hain?
Aakhir jab funding ka option businessmen, investors ya private groups ke paas hota hai, toh phir public se paisa kyu uthaya jata hai?
Kahi baar ye sirf paisa nahi hota — control aur long-term planning ka bhi sawal hota hai. Samjhte hain poora logic bina tension ke — SimpliGyaan style!
IPO Kya hota hai?
IPO kya hota hai?
Jab koi company apne shares pehli baar public ko bechti hai paisa raise karne ke liye, us process ko hi IPO (Initial Public Offering) kehte hain.
Iske baad jab interested buyers ko bid ke through shares mil jaate hain, toh company ke shares stock market me trade (buy-sell) ke liye available ho jaate hain.
Uske baad koi bhi un shares ko buy ya sell karke trading ya investment kar sakta hai.
Startup Funding Ki Kahani – IPO Tak
Ek company shuru hoti hai ₹10 lakh se. Jab growth hoti hai, paisa chahiye hota hai. Ab founder ke paas 2 raaste hote hain:
- Private investors se funding lena (Private LTD phase of the company)
- Seedha IPO ke liye qualify karna (Public LTD phase of the company) – Public LTD isliye kahte hain kyunki IPO ke baad koi bhi person stock market ke through us company ke shares buy kar sakta hai. Matlab company ne jitne shares IPO ke zariye public market me laaye the, unme se koi bhi kisi bhi waqt (during stock market timings) buy-sell kar sakta hai. Iska matlab ye bhi hai ki ab company ka kuch hissa public ke paas bhi hai, jo shareholder ban gaye hain.
Private Funding ka Risk – Control Chala Jaata Hai!
Agar 3 investors aapki company me 10-10% ka stake le lein, aur voh sab same group ke ho ya later mil jaayein, toh aapke decision making par pressure aata hai. Example:
- 1st Investor – ₹10 Cr (15%)
- 2nd – ₹20 Cr (8%)
- 3rd – ₹50 Cr (7%)
- Total Dilution: 30%
Yeh 30% ka group board pe influence bana leta hai. Founder ka asli power dilute ho jaata hai.
IPO = Initial Public Offering | Direct Public Se Paisa, Control Apne Paas
Founder decide karta hai ki voh private funding avoid karega aur directly IPO lane ki koshish karega.
Example Flow:
- Company value reaches ₹800 Cr
- Meets IPO Criteria
- Issues 20% stake via IPO = ₹320 Cr raise
- Public buys 3.2 Cr shares @ ₹100/share → Becomes a Public Limited Company
Result: Paisa Bhi Aaya, Control Bhi Nahi Gaya
Founders keep 70–80% control and raise funds from the public. Koi private group interfere nahi karta.
More in Business & Finance in Similar Simple Language
Real Risk: Jab Founder Control Kho Baitha
NDTV ka case iska perfect example hai. Prannoy aur Radhika Roy ke paas controlling stake tha, lekin unhone ek investor ko loan ke badle indirectly company ka control transfer kar diya. Baad mein Adani Group ne us loan agreement ke basis par open offer diya aur legally NDTV me major stake le liya — without directly negotiating with the founders!
Ek aur common strategy: Kai baar investor khud stake nahi leta, balki apne connected logon (family/friends/group companies) ke through chhoti-chhoti holdings kharidwata hai. Pehle 5%, phir 7%, phir 10% — sab alag-alag naam pe. Jab tak founder ko pata chalta hai, tab tak 25-30% stake ek hi group ke control me hota hai. Baad mein board level pe pressure daal kar ya hostile offer dekar company ka control le liya jaata hai.
Lesson: Har funding paisa nahi hoti. Kabhi-kabhi wo company ka darwaza bhi hoti hai — kisi aur ke entry ke liye. Founders ko ownership ke saath control logic bhi samajhna zaroori hai.
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